Inh

Drone strikes are gaining acceptance among Americans, discursively changing from weapon to punchline.

O'Connel 8/1

(Mary Ellen, Notre Dame Law School, Professor at the Kroc Institute. “Seductive Drones”, Journal of Law, Information, and Science http://ssrn.com/abstract=1912635 8/1/2011 JH)

Grossman focuses on... threat to life. 

Since 2002, airstrikes in Yemen have been continuing in secret. After the recent reintroduction, continued expansion of drones would signal the end of debate on their use.

O'Connel 8/1

(Mary Ellen, Notre Dame Law School, Professor at the Kroc Institute. “Seductive Drones”, Journal of Law, Information, and Science http://ssrn.com/abstract=1912635 8/1/2011 JH)

Ironically, in Yemen,..in weak states

Every strike represents a nullification of rule of law and an abrogation of the rights it would protect.

Kucinich 8/17

(Dennis, D-Ohio, “Drones Direct Hit Upon Rule Of Law” Huffington Post 8/17/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-dennis-kucinich/drones-direct-hit-upon-ru_b_929203.html JH)

Think of the... the rule of law

Now is the critical time to set the terms of the “War on Terror”

Savage 9/15

(Charlie, Pulitzer Prize winning NY Times journalist, “At White House, Weighing Limits of Terror Fight”, NY Times http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/16/us/white-house-weighs-limits-of-terror-fight.html?_r=2&hp=&pagewanted=all 9/16/11 JH)

One senior official...in these debates

Plan: The United States federal government should cease its airstrikes in Yemen.

Observation 2: Attack of the Drones

A. Spillover

US airstrikes have been increasingly unresponsive to the Yemeni public and government, as well as American law

Johnston 6/22

(Cary, BBC Correspondent and RT Reporter, “US expands drone war, extremists expect new recruits” Russia Today, 6/22/11 http://rt.com/news/us-drone-war-al-qaeda/ JH)

The US had been...at the same time.

Use of combat drones outside of warzones creates a distinct precedent and a slippery slope

Manes 10

(Jonathan, legal fellow with the ACLU National Security Project "U.N. and Human Rights Groups Challenge U.S. Use of Drones in Targeted Assassinations”)

During his first 18...label as terrorists.

Other countries will model how the United States use drones – if the targeted killings continue, the “War on Terror” will be a spatially unlimited world war.

Horton 10

(Scott, NY attorney specializing ILaw & lecturer at Columbia Law School, “The Trouble with Drones” May 3 2010, http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/05/hbc-90006980)

No weapons system...vehicle for targeted killings.

Expanding the virtual war will lower the threshold for violence, causing more traditional wars

Singer 2009

([Peter, senior fellow at the Brookings institution “Robots at War: The New Battlefield’; Winter 2009; http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1313

Such changed connections...seduce us into more wars.

B. Sovereignty

Continuing use of UAV's in Yemen undermines the country's sovereignty, threatening state collapse and creating a space of rule by force

Wheeler 7/4

(Dr. Marcy, blogger and author. “The Drone War on Westphalia” emptywheel.net, 7/4/11, http://www.emptywheel.net/2011/07/04/the-drone-war-on-westphalia/ JH)

Pakistan and Yemen: Here’s where  ...accelerate the process

The drone strikes diminish Yemeni sovereignty and fill the vacuum created with American military power, creating a globalizing state of exception and an imperial rule by force

Caldwell 04

(Anne, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, “Bio-Sovereignty and the Emergence of Humanity,” Theory & Event, Volume 7 (2))

Arendt's account of the...international community police" (Ranciere 1999: 127).14

Observation 3: The War of Terror

In this frame, the suspected “terrorist” is juridically dehumanized, stripped of the protections the rule of law affords to “actual” humans

McFarlane 6

(Craig, lecturer at Carleton U. “Pirates, Terrorists, Homo Sacer”, Theoria, 8/20/2005. http://www.theoria.ca/theoria/archives/2005/08/pirates-terrorists-homo-sacer.html JH)

Leaving aside the false...declaration has no standing

This preemptive killing of suspects is a biopolitical extreme. The relegation to homo sacer abolishes the right to life, replacing it with absolute war against the body and threatening all bodies

Goh 6

(Irving, Fellow at Harvard University, “Disagreeing Preemptive/ Prophylaxis: From Philip K. Dick to Jacques Rancière”, Fast Capitalism 2.1 2006, http://fastcapitalism.com)

At present, the time...as a terror suspect

Under the aerial gaze, civilians suffer the same rights stripping while they are murdered under the guise of their protection

Wilcox 9

(Lauren,Dept of PoliSci, U. Minnesota, Political Theory Colloquium, “Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare” http://www.polisci.umn.edu/pdf/Body%20Counts%20Theory%20Colloquium.doc 12/11/2009)

The ‘unknowability’ of civilian deaths ... in the first place

Obseration 4 – Solvency

Every use outside of war normalizes that practice internationally.

McCarl 6/30

(Ryan, journalist. “Use of Predators Sets Dangerous Precedent “ Antiwar, June 30, 2011 http://original.antiwar.com/mccarl/2011/06/29/use-of-predators-sets-dangerous-precedent/ JH)

The American public has so far ... U.S. interests and preferences.

Stopping the airstrikes is a prerequisite to engaging the moments in Yemen and moving away from the blind technophilic reliance on them

Jones 8/3

(Dr. E. Michael, editor of Culture Wars. PressTV interview, “US pusing Yemen towards war”, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/192132.html 8/3/11 JH)

Press TV: So what are they ...they have got to do

The plan opens a space to problematize the uncritical trajectory of the expanding virtual war and its foundational cult of preemption

Goh 6

(Irving, Fellow at Harvard University, “Disagreeing Preemptive/ Prophylaxis: From Philip K. Dick to Jacques Rancière”, Fast Capitalism 2.1 2006, http://fastcapitalism.com)

Life must not imitate ... other than  but now

Every act against the preemptive is critical to continue the possibility of an alternative to this metastisizing unlimited war

Goh 6

(Irving, Fellow at Harvard University, “Disagreeing Preemptive/ Prophylaxis: From Philip K. Dick to Jacques Rancière”, Fast Capitalism 2.1 2006, http://fastcapitalism.com)

The articulation of wait ... possible to do."

Sovereignty must be used and resisted strategically; the drone strikes exemplify the reformation of its current form into one much more dangerous

Lombardi 96

(Mark Owen, Associate Prof Political Science – Tampa, Perspectives on Third-World Sovereignty, p. 161)

Sovereignty is in our  for the human race

Inh.

Enormous numbers of Yemenis are protesting against President Saleh's regime – the people and the world want him gone

Almasmari 10/7

(Hakim, Wall Street Journal Correspondent and Editor-in-Chief of the Yemen Post. “In Yemen, Throngs Rally Against Saleh” CNN http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/07/world/meast/yemen-unrest/JH)

Massive anti-government protests...the GCC proposal.

Military aid for Yemen is high

Gundun 10/8

(James, counterinsurgency analyst, spokesman for Yemen’s Coordinating Council for the Youth Revolution of Change (CCYRC) & editor of The Trench, “Saleh Keeps Spinning International Media” The Trench 10/8/11 JH)

Political cover aside... including $35 million in 2011.

State violence is the only thing keeping President Saleh in power

Schurz 9/29

(Catherine, Journalis. “Protesters attacked as tensions escalate in Yemen” The Guilfordian http://www.guilfordian.com/world-nation/protesters-attacked-as-tensions-escalate-in-yemen-1.2619707#.TpEmrexPD8B 9/29/11 JH)

Revolution sparked by the "Arab Spring" ...the two has divided the State.

Plan: The USFG should transfer all funding allocated to Yemen for military and counter-terrorism aid to democracy assistance funding for NGO's providing election assistance and good governance programs.

Civil War.

The skirmishes with the opposition will soon into a civil war and destabilize the entire region

Morrow 9/28

(Will, Journalist. “Yemen edges closer to civil war”, ICFI 9/28/11 http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/sep2011/yeme-s28.shtml JH)

Like the National Transitional Council in Libya,... were killed in fighting with security forces.

A civil war in Yemen would be a chimaeric conflict that would destabilize the region, especially Saudi Arabia

Horton 10/14

(Micahel, CSM Correspondent and Senior Analyst for Arabian Affairs at The Jamestown Foundation. “Where is Yemen headed as Saleh tries to reassert power?” Christian Science Monitor, 10/14/11 http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/1014/Where-is-Yemen-headed-as-Saleh-tries-to-reassert-power JH)

A civil war in Yemen .... Saudi authorities in 2000

Yemen is in dire straits – without a new regime, Yemen will crumble and war will break out regionally

Stuster 9/27

(J. Dana, Joseph S. Nye National Security Research Intern at Center for a New American Security, “What can the U.S. Really Do for Yemen?” The Atlantic 9/27/11 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/what-can-the-us-really-do-for-yemen/245688/%23.ToIZAG_5RyE.facebook JH)

As the Saleh regime fights...falls apart completely.

3. The security prism

The security lens through which all US policy to the region is scene is the single greatest obstacle to reform in Yemen, ensuring all impacts

Phillips 11

(Sarah, Prof at Sydney U.'s Centre for International Security Studies and leading expert on AQAP. Yemen and the Politics of Permanent Crisis p. 137-138 JH)

Like the Pakistani leadership, ...and often predatory, political settlement.

Divesting in the regime's security apparatus allows political change and represents a new, constructive approach to Yemen-US relations

Karman 6/18

(Tawakkol, Nobel- Prize winning activist, leader of Women Journalists Without Chains, a Yemeni human-rights organization. “Yemen's Unfinished Revolution” NY Times 6/18/11 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/opinion/19karman.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all JH)

This is because the United States and Saudi Arabia,... encouraging development and stability.

4. Solvency

Saleh's funds are waning, and without them, his family will have no supporters with which to wage civil war

Worth 7/20

(Robert, NY Times Staff Writer. “Yemen on the Brink of Hell” NY Times 7/24/11, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/magazine/yemen-on-the-brink-of-hell.html?pagewanted=all JH)

Ultimately, the contest between the Ahmar and Saleh ... about the loyalty of Yemen’s military or its tribes.

Transferring the funding will cause the bulk of Saleh's forces to defect, removing his base of power

Johnsen 9/27

(Gregory, Fulbright fellow in Yemen & Princeton U's Near Eastern Studies. “Resetting US Policy Toward Yemen” Policy Innovation Memo 8, Council on Foreign Relations. JH)

The kingdom is still willing... join the anti-Salih coalition.

It's not just about money – the freeze will take away the entire Saleh family base of support

Stuster 9/29

(J.Dana, Joseph S. Nye National Security Research Intern at Center for a New American Security. “Johnsen and Stuster on Yemen” Abu Muqawma 9/29/11, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/abumuqawama/tag/yemen JH)

Cuts to CT funding will ... most critical base of support.

Cutting funding is key to allowing the opposition to remove the Saleh family from power, breaking the security paradigm, and creating peace.

Foust 11

(Joshua, fellow at the American Security Project . “How the U.S. Can Best Help Yemen” The Atlantic 3/3/11 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/03/how-the-us-can-best-help-yemen/71960/ JH)

How can the U.S. help chart an appropriate path forward,...strong U.S. support, they won't have it.

Without Saleh in power, the political process will resume and civil war will be avoided

Kasinof 10/9

(Laura, Journalist. “Standoff in Yemen as President Again Backs Away From Stepping Down” NY Times http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/world/middleeast/ali-abdullah-saleh-of-yemen-clinging-to-power.html 10/9/11 JH)

Furthermore, while Md. Saleh’s political opposition ..., what can they do?”

Democracy assistance for post-Saleh Yemen divorced form the security lens prevents all impacts.

Makovsky, Misztal, and Ruhe 11 (Michael Makovsky, Blaise Misztal, and Jonathan Ruhe, foreign policy director, associate director, and policy analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, March 31,2011, “Spring Trap”, http://www.tnr.com/article/86043/yemen-tunisia-egypt-arab-uprising?page=0,0) NJS

Given Yemen’s history of internal conflict... it has a chance of remaining Yemen.

1AC

I.                  Inherency

Syria today is an embattled authoritarian state hosting  exceptional sovereign violence and ethno-racism

Badrakhan 11

(Jian, journalist. “Syria in change - Solution for the Kurdish issue” Minority Voices Newsletter 8/16/2011 http://minorityvoices.org/news.php/en/793/)

The human rights situation in Syria...  who were brought to the Kurdish areas.

Syria's Kurds are trying to get recognition and democracy assistance from Washington in face this oppression

KurdNAS 11

(Kurdistan National Assembly of Syria, official publication. Last updated 12/22/2011. “Kurdistan delegation with U.S. officials in Washington“ http://kurdnas.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:kurdistan-delegation-with-us-officials-in-washington&catid=34:kurdnas&Itemid=53)

Representatives of the Kurdistan National ...agreement with German and Syrian government.

 Now is key - the US has yet foster ties with the Kurdish people, despite new opportunities for interaction without regional interference

Charountaki 11

(Dr. Marianna, author and and specialist in international relations and Middle East politics. “Marianna Charountaki: “US–Kurdish relations cannot be placed into any specific frame” Interview with Hasan Usak, Israel-Kurd Institute. http://israelkurd.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=761:israelkurd&catid=37:interview 5/14/11)

 Ultimately, US–Kurdish relations ...  was the case with Iraq‌s Kurds.

II.               Fault Lines

The security apparatus keeping the Syrian regime in power will fail

Toraifi 11

(Adel, Editor-in-Chief of A/l Majalla and Saudi policy specialist. . “Adel Al Toraifi: Syria on he  road of chaos” Al-Arabiya  8/12/2011 http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2011/08/12/161931.html)

President Bashar and...through strong regional intervention.

Sectarian violence in Syria is increasing

Shadid 11

(Anthony, Journalist. “Sharp Spate of Killings Traumatizes a Syrian City” NY Times 12/6/2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/middleeast/large-scale-killings-reported-in-restive-syria-city.html?pagewanted=all)

Near the Lebanese border, Homs, ...and many killed unintentionally,” Mr. Saleh said.

Escalating sectarian strife in Syria is uniquely likely to cause regional conflict

Nasr 11

(Vali, professor at Tufts University, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. “If the Arab Spring Turns Ugly” NY Times 8/27/11 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/opinion/sunday/the-dangers-lurking-in-the-arab-spring.html?pagewanted=all)

Syria today stands at the edge ... from Lebanon to Iraq to the Persian Gulf and beyond.

The opposition remains divided with fears of the post-Assad arrangement. Easing these tensions will hasten the transition and avert sectarian conflict

Toraifi 11

(Adel, Editor-in-Chief of A/l Majalla and Saudi policy specialist. . “Adel Al Toraifi: Syria on he  road of chaos” Al-Arabiya  8/12/2011 http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2011/08/12/161931.html)

                If the international community...the [Baathist] party and sectarian [elements].

Therefore, propose that the United States federal government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Syria by providing political party assistance for the Kurdish National Council of Syria and other parties supporting a federalist Syrian state

III.           State and Sovereign

Despite being integral in the rebellion’s start and resisting cooption, the Kurds are being set up to remain excluded based on the fiction of an Arab Syrian state

Weiss 11

 (Michael, communications director of the Henry Jackson Society, a London-based foreign policy think tank. “Kurds to determine success of Syria's revolution” CBS News 11/16/2011 http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57325938/kurds-to-determine-success-of-syrias-revolution/)

The Syrian uprising technically began as ... formation, many Kurds have quit.

As such, the Kurds occupy a distinct subaltern position, sustaining a false hegemonic “Syrian” identity. Simple recognition ameliorates these tensions and lays the groundwork for a Kurdish project of becoming-nation

Eliassi 11

(Barzoo, researcher at the Centre for Middle-Eastern Studies at Lund University. “National conflict reflected in diasporas: the quest for recognition among Kurdish youth in Sweden” Open Security 12/21/2011 http://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/barzoo-eliassi/national-conflict-reflected-in-diasporas-quest-for-recognition-among-kur )

Mutual recognition is regarded by ...political lip-synching or theatrical ventriloquism”.

Conflation of state and nation is the underlies the violence of minority oppression

Bayaziddi 11

(Salah, analyst.  “Stateless nationalism in the age of post-Pax Americana” Kurdish Globe 1/8/2011 http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=008078CF5FA311E4AFE84CD685B62440)

As a first part of this argument...fact, a distinct rarity.

The extremes of sovereign violence in the mould of the camp are used against such enemies of the state, making their lives disposable and mass killing an eventuality

Giroux 6

 (Henry A., Prof. of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster U “Reading Hurricane Katrina: Race, Class, and the Biopolitics of Disposability, College Literature 33.3, Project Muse)

While biopolitics in Foucault and Hardt and Negr....the hands of military and state power.

Even as only one aspect of sovereignty, exceptional politics are persistent and cause the strife and violence sovereignty and stateness supposedly prevent

 Vasilache 7

(Andreas, Prof. of Poli Sci at U. Bielefeld. “Precarious Stateness and the Fleeting Boundaries of Sovereignty: Reflections on Giorgio Agamben, Transition Theory, and the Indonesian Case” Garnet 12/2007)

But from this objection does... one inherent possibility of the concept of sovereignty.

The subaltern’s nationalist project must succeed before violence becomes a part of it, devaluing its affective potential and legitimacy

Cockell 2000

(John G., Department of International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science. “Ethnic nationalism and subaltern political process: exploring autonomous democratic action in Kashmir” Nations and Nationalism 6:3 2000)

The  post-colonial state’s responses of  delegitimation...  of  popular  participation  and group  security.

IV.            Solvency

The Kurdish National Council is pushing for federalism in the face of civil war, a measure that will provide some autonomy and prevent extended sectarian conflict

Bashar 12/22

(Abdulhakim, secretary-general of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Syria. “Kurdish Leader: Federalism Essential to Prevent Syrian Civil War”, interview with Rudaw, 12/22/2011 http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4251.html)

Rudaw: What’s the best scenario for ......like they have been oppressed by the Alawites for the past 40 years

Decentralized government avoids ethnic and sectarian conflict.

Siegle & O’Mahony 6

(Joseph & Patrick, Senior Advisor for Democratic Govern ance & Senior Development Specialist for

Decentralization at Development Alternatives. “ASSESSING THE MERITS OF  DECENTRALIZATION AS A 

CONFLICT MITIGATION STRATEGY” paper prepared for USAID’s Office of Democracy and Governance . http://www.dai.com/pdf/Decentralization_as_a_Conflict_Mitigation_Strategy.pdf)

Greater popular participation and ... can be proactively redressed. 

A reconfiguration of the power relations between the dominant nation and subalterns such as the Kurds will constructively alter state-nation-society dynamics and avert the violence of the relationship

Eliassi 11

(Barzoo, researcher at the Centre for Middle-Eastern Studies at Lund University. “National conflict reflected in diasporas: the quest for recognition among Kurdish youth in Sweden” Open Security 12/21/2011 http://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/barzoo-eliassi/national-conflict-reflected-in-diasporas-quest-for-recognition-among-kur )

Before envisioning an egalitarian... of the groups mentioned above. 

Beyond the fall of the dominant center, the subaltern nation  achieves a condition of becoming-nation, challenging the power of sovereignty and totalitarian hegemony even if they do not succeed in resistance.

Gonzaga 9

(Elmo, Dept. of Rhetoric, UC Berkeley. “Globalization and Becoming-Nation: Subjectivity, Nationhood, and Narrative in the Period of Global Capitalism” U. of the Philippines Press,2009: 56)

For these reasons, “[t]he aim ...a transitory figure of subversion.

For all its dangers, the concept of the nation has enormous and necessary progressive and resistant potential

Hardt & Negri 2000

(Michael political philosopher and literary theorist currently based at Duke University and Antonio, an Italian Marxist sociologist, scholar, revolutionary philosopher and teacher Empire, 200-)

We have been focusing our attention up to...... appears necessary despite its destructiveness.

The state-form is an ever present construct, though the nation-state is a product of modernity. The task that remains is the continuous subversion of the state apparatus and its instruments

Deleuze & Guattri 10

(Gilles and Felix, philosopher and professor & psychoanalyst. “Nomadology and War Machine” in 1000 Plateaus, originally 1988. Wormwood Distribution 2010)

We are compelled to say that there  has...or stands against States

The aff is inherently a radical political action – the potentiality of the subaltern, of the refugee, and their challenge to sovereignty is one event in a series that snowballs into true revolutionary change

 [The next portion of the tag is only read sometimes]

A vote for the aff means endorsing the strategy of subaltern nationalist resistance and political party assistance for the Syrian Kurds’ shared struggle for federalism in particular

Bousfield 5

(Dan, McMaster University “The Logic of Sovereignty and the Agency of the Refugee:Recovering the Political from ‘Bare Life” YCISS Working Paper Number 36, October 2005)

The importance of taking-agency for the ... agency in order to maintain its consistency.

The so-called chaos of autonomous struggle is in reality the best possibility for undoing the violence of world orders. Success of movements such as the Kurds’ is crucial, but even incomplete or semi-autonomy is infinitely preferable and more free than the violence of the current hierarchies

Karatzogianni and Robinson 10

(Athina and Andrew, “Power, Resistance and Conflict in the Contemporary World” Routledge, 2010 269)

In the world- systems literature, the option ... well- meaning but socially closed state.